Importance of seeds, types of seeds and their production methods Part 2

Question No. 1 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is seed vigor, as distinct from seed viability?

A. The genetic purity of the seed lot
B. The ability of a seed to germinate under a wide range of environmental conditions, not just optimal ones
C. The number of seeds in a given weight
D. The percentage of seeds that are alive

Question No. 2 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The term 'orthodox seed' refers to seeds that:

A. Can be dried to low moisture content and stored at low temperatures for long periods
B. Must be stored in moist conditions and have a short lifespan
C. Are produced through organic farming methods only
D. Always germinate immediately after ripening

Question No. 3 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Recalcitrant seeds, such as those of mango or avocado, are characterized by their:

A. Ability to survive for centuries in storage
B. High tolerance to drying and freezing
C. Inability to withstand desiccation and low temperatures
D. Small size and lack of endosperm

Question No. 4 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the primary purpose of seed priming?

A. To coat the seed with a protective layer of clay
B. To induce a state of dormancy in the seed
C. To initiate the early stages of germination, leading to more rapid and uniform emergence after planting
D. To sterilize the seed surface from pathogens

Question No. 5 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The 'tetrazolium test' is a biochemical method used to quickly estimate:

A. Seed moisture content
B. Seed vigor and viability
C. The genetic makeup of the seed
D. The amount of endosperm present

Question No. 6 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Which plant hormone is most commonly associated with promoting seed germination and breaking dormancy?

A. Abscisic acid (ABA)
B. Ethylene
C. Auxin
D. Gibberellin (GA)

Question No. 7 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Conversely, which plant hormone is often referred to as the 'stress hormone' and is instrumental in inducing and maintaining seed dormancy?

A. Gibberellin (GA)
B. Cytokinin
C. Abscisic acid (ABA)
D. Ethylene

Question No. 8 Marks +1 -0 Time

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In seed processing, what is the main purpose of a 'gravity separator'?

A. To sort seeds based on their color
B. To sort seeds based on their size
C. To sort seeds based on their specific gravity or density
D. To remove chaff and other light debris from the seed lot

Question No. 9 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the main difference between Plant Variety Protection (PVP) and a utility patent for a plant?

A. PVP is for sexually propagated plants, while patents are for asexually propagated plants
B. PVP protects the breeder's right to sell the variety but allows farmers to save seed for their own use, while a patent prohibits this
C. PVP is an international law, while patents are only valid in the United States
D. PVP protects the plant's name, while a patent protects its genetic code

Question No. 10 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The 'grow-out test' is the most reliable method for determining:

A. Seed viability
B. Seed moisture content
C. Varietal (genetic) purity
D. Seed health

Question No. 11 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is seed pelleting?

A. A method of drying seeds very quickly
B. The process of enclosing a seed in a small, inert, and uniformly sized material
C. A technique to break seed dormancy using chemicals
D. The sorting of seeds by size

Question No. 12 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The coleorhiza is a protective sheath in a monocot seed that covers the:

A. Endosperm
B. Radicle (embryonic root)
C. Plumule (embryonic shoot)
D. Cotyledon

Question No. 13 Marks +1 -0 Time

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A 'hard seed' is a type of physical dormancy caused by:

A. An immature embryo
B. The presence of chemical inhibitors in the seed
C. A seed coat that is impermeable to water
D. The seed requiring a period of cold stratification

Question No. 14 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What does the term 'photoblastic' mean in relation to seeds?

A. The seed can produce its own food through photosynthesis
B. The seed's germination is influenced by the presence or absence of light
C. The seed is dispersed by a burst of energy
D. The seed has a very hard, stony seed coat

Question No. 15 Marks +1 -0 Time

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In hybrid seed production, what is the purpose of a 'male-sterile' parent line?

A. To increase the number of seeds produced by the male plant
B. To ensure the male plant is more disease resistant
C. To eliminate the need for manual or mechanical detasseling of the female parent line
D. To make the male parent produce more pollen

Question No. 16 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the primary function of the 'aleurone layer' in a cereal grain like barley?

A. To protect the grain from physical damage
B. To store starch for the embryo
C. To synthesize and secrete enzymes, like amylase, to break down the endosperm during germination
D. To carry out photosynthesis

Question No. 17 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Why must seed be dried to a specific moisture content for safe storage?

A. To make the seed heavier
B. To reduce metabolic activity, inhibit microbial growth, and prevent heating
C. To make the seed coat shinier
D. To ensure the seed will germinate faster

Question No. 18 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the 'National Seed Corporation' (NSC) in India primarily responsible for?

A. Setting the market price for all seeds in India
B. The production and supply of high-quality foundation and certified seeds of various crops
C. Exclusively developing new GMO crop varieties
D. Regulating the export of all agricultural products

Question No. 19 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The process where the cotyledons remain below the ground during germination is called:

A. Epigeal germination
B. Viviparous germination
C. Hypogeal germination
D. Photoblastic germination

Question No. 20 Marks +1 -0 Time

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In contrast, the process where the cotyledons are raised above the ground during germination is known as:

A. Hypogeal germination
B. Orthodox germination
C. Epigeal germination
D. Recalcitrant germination

Question No. 21 Marks +1 -0 Time

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A 'synthetic variety' of a crop is developed by:

A. Introducing a single foreign gene into a plant
B. Crossing two specific parent lines to create an F1 hybrid
C. Mixing seeds of several genotypes that are known to combine well with each other and allowing them to open-pollinate
D. Growing a single heirloom variety in isolation

Question No. 22 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is 'scarification' in the context of seeds?

A. The process of fertilizing a plant to produce a seed
B. The act of breaking, scratching, or softening the seed coat to make it permeable to water and gases
C. The classification of seeds based on their shape
D. The removal of the endosperm from a seed

Question No. 23 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the 'embryo axis' in a seed?

A. The outer protective layer of the seed
B. The main part of the embryo that consists of the radicle, plumule, and the cotyledonary node
C. The tissue that stores food for the embryo
D. The stalk that attaches the seed to the fruit

Question No. 24 Marks +1 -0 Time

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A seed lot with a high 'purity percentage' indicates that it has:

A. A low percentage of inert matter, weed seeds, and other crop seeds
B. A high germination rate
C. Been treated with fungicides
D. A high moisture content

Question No. 25 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Why is genetic erosion in crop plants a major concern?

A. It makes plants grow too quickly
B. It leads to a loss of genetic diversity, making crops more vulnerable to new pests, diseases, and climate shifts
C. It causes the soil to degrade
D. It makes the food less nutritious

Question No. 26 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is a 'landrace' in agriculture?

A. A modern, high-yielding hybrid variety
B. A domesticated plant variety that has been developed and adapted over time by local farmers to their specific environment
C. A genetically modified organism
D. A wild plant that has never been cultivated

Question No. 27 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The term 'desiccation tolerance' in seeds refers to their ability to:

A. Absorb water very quickly
B. Survive extreme drying to very low moisture levels
C. Resist attack from insects
D. Germinate in very dry soil

Question No. 28 Marks +1 -0 Time

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In the context of seed health, what is a 'systemic' infection?

A. An infection that only affects the surface of the seed coat
B. An infection where the pathogen is present inside the seed tissues, such as the embryo or endosperm
C. A disease that affects all plants in the field uniformly
D. An infection caused by mechanical damage

Question No. 29 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the main purpose of the Indian Seeds Act of 1966?

A. To control the price of seeds sold to farmers
B. To regulate the quality of seeds for sale and to ensure the truthful labeling of certain seeds
C. To provide free seeds to all farmers
D. To promote the export of Indian seeds

Question No. 30 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Why would a seed producer use a 'color sorter' during seed conditioning?

A. To sort seeds based on their density
B. To remove discolored seeds which may be diseased, damaged, or of a different variety
C. To increase the moisture content of the seeds
D. To coat the seeds with a colorful polymer

Question No. 31 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is a 'composite variety'?

A. Another term for an F1 hybrid
B. A variety developed by mixing seeds of different genotypes, similar to a synthetic variety, often from advanced generations of crosses
C. A variety that is resistant to all known diseases
D. A variety that can only be grown in a pot

Question No. 32 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The 'hypocotyl' is the part of the embryonic axis that is located:

A. Above the cotyledons
B. Below the cotyledons
C. Inside the endosperm
D. Within the radicle

Question No. 33 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the 'micropyle' of a seed?

A. The scar of attachment to the ovary wall
B. A large food-storing structure
C. A small opening in the seed coat through which the pollen tube entered and which can aid in water absorption
D. The outermost layer of the endosperm

Question No. 34 Marks +1 -0 Time

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If a seed lot is labeled '90% germination' and has '98% purity', what is its 'pure live seed' (PLS) percentage?

A. 88.2%
B. 94.0%
C. 98.9%
D. 188%

Question No. 35 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The 'shelf life' of a seed refers to:

A. The amount of time a seed can be displayed in a store
B. The period for which a seed remains viable when stored under specific conditions
C. The time it takes for a seed to germinate after planting
D. The duration for which a seedling is dependent on its cotyledons

Question No. 36 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the primary advantage of asexual seed production (apomixis) for a plant breeder?

A. It creates new genetic combinations
B. It allows the propagation of genetically identical individuals (clones) through seed, fixing desirable traits like hybrid vigor
C. It ensures that all seeds are small
D. It makes the plant more attractive to pollinators

Question No. 37 Marks +1 -0 Time

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A 'volunteer plant' in a seed production field is:

A. A plant that is specially selected for breeding
B. A plant from a previous crop that has grown from a seed left in the soil
C. A plant that is used as a border row
D. A male-sterile plant

Question No. 38 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The process of cleaning and grading seeds after harvest to improve their quality is known as:

A. Seed priming
B. Seed conditioning or processing
C. Seed stratification
D. Seed scarification

Question No. 39 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the role of the funiculus?

A. It is the embryonic shoot
B. It is the stalk that attaches the ovule (and later the seed) to the placenta in the ovary
C. It is the main storage tissue in an exalbuminous seed
D. It is the outer layer of the seed coat

Question No. 40 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Which of these is NOT a primary method of seed dispersal?

A. Anemochory (wind)
B. Hydrochory (water)
C. Zoochory (animals)
D. Photosynthesis (light)

Question No. 41 Marks +1 -0 Time

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A 'dihybrid cross' is fundamental to creating certain hybrid seeds and involves:

A. Crossing two plants that differ in a single trait
B. Crossing two genetically identical plants
C. Crossing parent plants that differ in two distinct traits
D. Self-pollinating a single plant

Question No. 42 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is meant by 'seed coating'?

A. The natural outer layer of a seed, like the testa
B. A process where materials like polymers, nutrients, or pesticides are applied in a thin layer to the seed surface
C. Another term for seed pelleting
D. The act of painting seeds for decoration

Question No. 43 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Why is synchronized flowering essential in hybrid seed production?

A. To ensure the plants all look uniform
B. To make mechanical harvesting easier
C. To ensure that the pollen from the male parent is available when the stigmas of the female parent are receptive
D. To make the crop mature at different times

Question No. 44 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The 'end-use quality' of a seed refers to its:

A. Genetic purity
B. Suitability for a specific purpose, such as milling quality for wheat or malting quality for barley
C. Germination percentage
D. Longevity in storage

Question No. 45 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Which part of the wheat grain is separated during milling to produce white flour?

A. The bran and the germ
B. The endosperm
C. The scutellum
D. The aleurone layer

Question No. 46 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the 'International Seed Testing Association' (ISTA)?

A. A global organization that sets standardized rules and procedures for seed sampling and testing
B. A company that sells seeds internationally
C. A lobbying group for the GMO industry
D. An association of heirloom seed savers

Question No. 47 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What does 'off-type' mean in a seed production context?

A. A seed that is smaller than average
B. A plant or seed that deviates from the standard description of the variety
C. A seed that has not been treated with chemicals
D. A seed that will not germinate

Question No. 48 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The pericarp is a layer of tissue that is part of the:

A. Embryo
B. Fruit wall, which becomes fused to the seed coat in grains like corn and wheat
C. Endosperm
D. Cotyledon

Question No. 49 Marks +1 -0 Time

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A 'breeder's right' (a form of Plant Variety Protection) grants the developer of a new variety:

A. Complete ownership of the plant's genetic code forever
B. Exclusive rights to produce and sell the propagating material of the variety for a set period of time
C. A cash prize from the government
D. The right to name the plant after themselves

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