Basic principles, scope and importance of crop protection Part 2

Question No. 1 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The practice of 'solarization', where moist soil is covered with a transparent plastic sheet, is used to control:

A. Flying insects
B. Soil-borne pathogens and weeds
C. Birds
D. Drought stress

Question No. 2 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is a 'hyperparasite' in the context of biological control?

A. A parasite that is larger than its host
B. An organism that parasitizes another parasite
C. A parasite that attacks a wide range of hosts
D. A pest that is also a parasite

Question No. 3 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Which of the following is a 'symptom' of a plant disease?

A. The presence of fungal spores on a leaf
B. The visible effect of the disease on the plant, such as wilting or yellowing
C. The pathogen itself
D. The presence of an insect vector

Question No. 4 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The term 'viricide' refers to a substance that controls:

A. Bacteria
B. Viruses
C. Viroids
D. Fungi

Question No. 5 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Why is 'crop mimicry' a challenge in weed management?

A. The weed attracts the same pests as the crop
B. The weed is a different color from the crop
C. The weed closely resembles the crop in its vegetative stage, making it difficult to distinguish and remove
D. The weed has the same nutritional requirements as the crop

Question No. 6 Marks +1 -0 Time

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A pesticide formulation labeled 'EC' stands for:

A. Emulsifiable Concentrate
B. Extra Concentrated
C. Environmental Contaminant
D. Easy to Contain

Question No. 7 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the primary mode of action of a 'contact' herbicide?

A. It is absorbed by the roots and moves throughout the plant
B. It kills only the plant parts it directly touches
C. It prevents weed seeds from germinating
D. It sterilizes the weed so it cannot reproduce

Question No. 8 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The 'sterile insect technique' (SIT) involves releasing a large number of sterilized male insects to:

A. Directly poison the female insects
B. Compete with wild males and reduce the pest population's reproductive potential
C. Serve as a food source for natural predators
D. Pollinate the crop

Question No. 9 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Which of the following best describes 'eradication' as a principle of crop protection?

A. Keeping pest levels below an economic threshold
B. The complete elimination of a pest or pathogen from a defined geographical area
C. Protecting the plant from infection
D. Using plants that are naturally resistant to pests

Question No. 10 Marks +1 -0 Time

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A 'rodenticide' is a type of pesticide specifically used to control:

A. Nematodes
B. Birds
C. Rodents like rats and mice
D. Slugs and snails

Question No. 11 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Understanding the 'wind dispersal' patterns of fungal spores is important for:

A. Predicting the spread of certain plant diseases
B. Deciding the timing of fertilizer application
C. Managing soil-borne pests
D. Controlling insect pests

Question No. 12 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is a 'refuge' strategy in the context of Bt crops?

A. Planting a portion of the field with non-Bt varieties of the same crop
B. Creating a sanctuary for beneficial insects
C. Using a physical barrier to protect the crop
D. A designated area for pesticide storage

Question No. 13 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The use of hot water treatment for sugarcane setts before planting is a physical method to control:

A. Weeds
B. Seed-borne and sett-borne diseases like ratoon stunting disease
C. Insect borers
D. Rat damage

Question No. 14 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Which of the following is an 'abiotic' factor that can cause crop damage, often mistaken for a disease?

A. Bacterial blight
B. Nutrient deficiency
C. Root-knot nematode
D. Viral mosaic

Question No. 15 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What does the 'LD50' value of a pesticide indicate?

A. Its effectiveness against the target pest
B. The legal dose that can be applied
C. Its acute toxicity (the dose that is lethal to 50% of a test population)
D. The length of time it remains active in the environment

Question No. 16 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The 'pre-harvest interval' (PHI) mentioned on a pesticide label is the time between:

A. The purchase of the pesticide and its first use
B. Two consecutive pesticide applications
C. The last pesticide application and when the crop can be safely harvested
D. The mixing of the pesticide and its application

Question No. 17 Marks +1 -0 Time

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A 'molluscicide' is used to control which of the following pests?

A. Insects
B. Mites
C. Spiders
D. Snails and slugs

Question No. 18 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The introduction of the Vedalia beetle to California in the late 19th century to control the cottony cushion scale on citrus is a classic example of:

A. Augmentative biological control
B. Conservation biological control
C. Classical biological control (importation)
D. Cultural control

Question No. 19 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Why is a 'disease cycle' a critical concept in plant pathology?

A. It describes the sequence of events in disease development, which helps in identifying points for intervention and control
B. It refers to the annual rotation of crops to prevent disease
C. It is the life cycle of the insect vector that transmits the disease
D. It dictates the market price of the diseased crop

Question No. 20 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The term 'phytotoxicity' refers to:

A. The toxicity of a plant to insects
B. Damage or injury to a plant caused by a chemical substance, including pesticides
C. The ability of a plant to resist pests
D. The process of photosynthesis

Question No. 21 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Which of the following is a primary reason for the importance of 'weed management' in crop production?

A. Weeds can serve as alternate hosts for crop pests and pathogens
B. Weeds improve soil aeration
C. Weeds increase the aesthetic value of a field
D. Weeds are a source of organic matter when they decompose

Question No. 22 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is 'antixenosis' as a mechanism of host plant resistance?

A. The plant produces toxic compounds that kill the pest
B. The plant's characteristics (e.g., hairy leaves, thick cuticle) deter the pest from feeding or colonizing
C. The plant can tolerate the damage caused by the pest without significant yield loss
D. The plant is a poor host, adversely affecting the pest's biology (e.g., reduced growth, reproduction)

Question No. 23 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Which legislative measure is specifically designed to prevent the introduction of foreign pests across international borders?

A. Pesticide Registration
B. Food Safety Standards
C. Plant Quarantine
D. Seed Act

Question No. 24 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The 'fumigant' class of pesticides is active as a:

A. Liquid spray
B. Solid bait
C. Gas or vapor
D. Dusting powder

Question No. 25 Marks +1 -0 Time

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A farmer notices that a pest population suddenly increases after a pesticide application. This phenomenon, known as 'pest resurgence', is often caused by:

A. The pesticide acting as a fertilizer for the pest
B. The elimination of the pest's natural enemies by the broad-spectrum pesticide
C. The pest developing an attraction to the pesticide
D. The pesticide not being applied at the correct time of day

Question No. 26 Marks +1 -0 Time

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In the context of crop protection, what is an 'inoculum'?

A. The vaccine used to make a plant resistant
B. The part of the pathogen (e.g., spore, bacterial cell) that can cause an infection
C. The chemical used to treat a seed
D. The beneficial microbe applied to the soil

Question No. 27 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The scope of crop protection in 'forestry' would primarily focus on:

A. Managing weeds in a corn field
B. Controlling pests and diseases in timber plantations and natural forests
C. Preventing spoilage of fruits in storage
D. Managing pests of turf grass

Question No. 28 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is a 'systemic acquired resistance' (SAR) in plants?

A. A resistance mechanism that is localized to the point of infection
B. A broad-spectrum, whole-plant resistance response that is activated after an initial localized infection
C. A physical barrier like a thick leaf cuticle
D. A resistance that is only acquired through genetic modification

Question No. 29 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The primary advantage of using 'pheromones' for mating disruption is that they are:

A. Highly toxic to a broad range of insects
B. Very specific to the target pest and generally non-toxic to other organisms
C. Long-lasting and require only one application per season
D. Able to kill all stages of the pest life cycle

Question No. 30 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the role of a 'surfactant' in a pesticide formulation?

A. To increase the pesticide's toxicity
B. To reduce the surface tension of water droplets, allowing for better spreading and coverage on the leaf surface
C. To act as the main killing agent
D. To make the pesticide more soluble in oil

Question No. 31 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The practice of 'fallowing', or leaving a field unplanted for a season, can help manage certain pests and diseases by:

A. Increasing the soil's nutrient content
B. Providing a habitat for beneficial insects
C. Interrupting the life cycles of pests and pathogens that require a specific host crop
D. Improving soil moisture retention

Question No. 32 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Which factor is a major 'reasoning' for the increasing adoption of biological control methods?

A. They provide instantaneous results
B. Growing concerns about the environmental impact of chemical pesticides and the issue of pesticide resistance
C. They are always less expensive than chemical pesticides
D. They can be easily applied by untrained personnel

Question No. 33 Marks +1 -0 Time

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A 'nematicide' is a chemical agent designed to kill:

A. Mites
B. Nematodes (microscopic roundworms)
C. Bacteria
D. Fungi

Question No. 34 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The concept of 'carrying capacity' in ecology is relevant to pest management because it helps understand:

A. The maximum pest population size that a particular environment can sustain
B. The economic threshold for a pest
C. How quickly a pesticide will degrade
D. The number of natural enemies a pest has

Question No. 35 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is the main 'scope' of post-harvest pathology?

A. Breeding crops for better storage qualities
B. Studying and managing diseases of agricultural products between harvest and consumption
C. Developing new packaging materials
D. Controlling pests in the field before harvest

Question No. 36 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The term 'antibiosis' in the context of host plant resistance refers to the plant:

A. Having physical traits that deter pests
B. Adversely affecting the biology of the pest that feeds on it (e.g., reduced growth, survival, or reproduction)
C. Being unattractive to the pest
D. Tolerating the pest damage without yield loss

Question No. 37 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Why is 'sanitation' a cornerstone of greenhouse crop protection?

A. It improves the aesthetic look of the greenhouse
B. Greenhouses are closed environments where pests and diseases can spread rapidly, so keeping the area clean of plant debris and weeds is crucial to prevent outbreaks
C. It is a legal requirement for selling greenhouse produce
D. It increases the humidity inside the greenhouse

Question No. 38 Marks +1 -0 Time

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A 'bioherbicide' is a type of weed control that uses:

A. A synthetic chemical with biological activity
B. A pathogenic microorganism (like a fungus or bacterium) to kill a specific weed
C. A plant extract that inhibits weed growth
D. A genetically modified crop that is resistant to weeds

Question No. 39 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The primary 'importance' of crop protection for international trade is:

A. Meeting the phytosanitary standards of importing countries to prevent the spread of pests and diseases
B. Ensuring all countries use the same pesticides
C. Making agricultural products more expensive
D. Increasing the profits of shipping companies

Question No. 40 Marks +1 -0 Time

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Which of the following is an example of 'augmentative' biological control?

A. Introducing a natural enemy from a foreign country to control an invasive pest
B. Conserving existing natural enemies by providing habitat
C. Periodically releasing a large number of a natural enemy (like Trichogramma wasps) to supplement the existing population and control a pest
D. Planting a pest-resistant crop variety

Question No. 41 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The 'mode of action' of a pesticide refers to:

A. The way it is applied to the crop
B. The specific biochemical process in the pest that the pesticide disrupts to cause death
C. The commercial brand name of the product
D. The type of container it is sold in

Question No. 42 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is a major 'understanding' required for successful cultural control of pests?

A. A deep knowledge of pest and crop biology and their interactions with the environment
B. Expertise in chemical engineering
C. Skills in marketing and sales
D. Proficiency in genetic modification techniques

Question No. 43 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The 'importance' of protecting pollinators like bees is a critical consideration in crop protection because:

A. Pollinators can become pests of the crop
B. Indiscriminate pesticide use can harm pollinators, which are essential for the yield of many crops
C. Pollinators help spread plant diseases
D. Protecting pollinators increases the cost of crop production

Question No. 44 Marks +1 -0 Time

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A 'systemic' fungicide is different from a 'contact' fungicide because it:

A. Is absorbed and moves within the plant to provide protection to new growth and cure existing infections
B. Only protects the part of the plant it is sprayed on
C. Is derived from a biological source
D. Is applied to the soil instead of the leaves

Question No. 45 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The 'economic' reasoning behind preventing the introduction of an invasive pest is that:

A. It provides jobs for quarantine officers
B. The costs of long-term control and the crop losses caused by an established invasive pest are typically far greater than the cost of prevention
C. It increases the biodiversity of the local ecosystem
D. It allows for the export of native pests

Question No. 46 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The use of 'mulching' (covering the soil with straw, plastic, etc.) can help in weed control by:

A. Providing a habitat for weeds to grow
B. Blocking sunlight and preventing weed seed germination or seedling emergence
C. Adding more weed seeds to the soil
D. Increasing soil temperature to favor weed growth

Question No. 47 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is a key principle behind 'conservation biological control'?

A. Importing new natural enemies from other regions
B. Mass rearing and releasing natural enemies
C. Modifying the farm environment to protect and enhance the effectiveness of naturally occurring pest enemies
D. Using pesticides to conserve the crop

Question No. 48 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The 'scope' of crop protection now includes concerns about 'food safety', which primarily involves:

A. Ensuring the food looks appealing
B. Managing pesticide residues to ensure they are below legally defined safe levels in the final produce
C. Making sure food is affordable
D. Increasing the shelf life of food products

Question No. 49 Marks +1 -0 Time

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What is 'tolerance' as a mechanism of host plant resistance?

A. The plant is completely immune to the pest
B. The plant's ability to withstand or recover from pest damage without a significant reduction in yield
C. The plant repels the pest
D. The plant kills the pest that feeds on it

Question No. 50 Marks +1 -0 Time

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The reason why crop rotation can be an effective disease management strategy is that:

A. It makes the soil more fertile for the pathogen
B. Many plant pathogens are host-specific and cannot survive for long periods in the soil without their specific crop host
C. It ensures that all crops in the rotation are genetically identical
D. It allows for the continuous use of the same fungicide year after year

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