Principles and systems of produce storage, factors affecting the quality of produce and storage management Part 2
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Question No. 1
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The phenomenon where a low-oxygen environment in storage causes the development of off-flavors and fermentation is known as:
A.
Anaerobic respiration
B.
Photosynthesis
C.
Transpiration
D.
Aerobic respiration
Question No. 2
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Which type of light is most effective in promoting greening and solanine formation in potatoes?
A.
Infrared light
B.
Ultraviolet (UV) light
C.
Red light
D.
Fluorescent light
Question No. 3
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A key economic consideration in choosing a produce storage system is the trade-off between:
A.
The cost of the system and the expected extension of shelf life
B.
The color of the produce and its nutritional value
C.
The size of the storage facility and the number of employees
D.
The speed of harvesting and the speed of transportation
Question No. 4
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The 'vital heat' of produce refers to the:
A.
Heat generated by the storage facility's lighting
B.
Heat produced by the produce through its own respiration process
C.
Heat absorbed from the sun after harvesting
D.
Heat required to cook the produce
Question No. 5
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In the context of storage, what does 'degree-day' modeling help predict?
A.
The daily energy consumption of the storage unit
B.
The rate of insect development and pest pressure
C.
The exact day a fruit will be perfectly ripe
D.
The amount of water loss from the produce each day
Question No. 6
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Which of the following is an example of a 'quiescent' infection in harvested fruit?
A.
An infection that develops rapidly after harvest
B.
An infection that is present on the fruit at harvest but only develops into a lesion as the fruit ripens
C.
An infection caused by poor handling
D.
An infection that is visible at the time of harvest
Question No. 7
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The primary reason for maintaining a slight positive air pressure inside a large cold storage facility is to:
A.
Prevent the entry of warm, moist, and unfiltered outside air
B.
Increase the concentration of oxygen inside
C.
Make it easier to open and close the doors
D.
Reduce the energy consumption of the cooling units
Question No. 8
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What is 'case hardening' in the context of dehydrated produce?
A.
A desirable condition that protects the produce
B.
The formation of a hard, outer layer that traps moisture inside, preventing complete drying
C.
The use of a hard case for transportation
D.
A method for making the produce more tender
Question No. 9
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Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in a storage facility emphasizes:
A.
Sole reliance on chemical fumigation
B.
Using multiple control methods, including monitoring, sanitation, and biological control, to minimize pesticide use
C.
Keeping the storage facility at freezing temperatures
D.
Storing all produce in sealed metal containers
Question No. 10
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The cloudiness that develops in some beverages when refrigerated, known as 'chill haze', is caused by the precipitation of:
A.
Sugars
B.
Proteins and polyphenols
C.
Salts
D.
Vitamins
Question No. 11
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Which gas, sometimes used in Controlled Atmosphere storage, has a fungistatic effect, inhibiting mold growth?
A.
Nitrogen
B.
Oxygen
C.
Carbon monoxide
D.
Carbon dioxide
Question No. 12
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A 'storage manifest' or inventory log is critical for:
A.
Calculating the daily electricity bill
B.
Ensuring traceability and proper stock rotation (FIFO/FEFO)
C.
Determining the nutritional value of the produce
D.
Marketing the produce to consumers
Question No. 13
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The 'blush' on a fruit's skin, such as the red color on a bi-colored apple, is primarily due to the production of which pigments?
A.
Chlorophylls
B.
Carotenoids
C.
Anthocyanins
D.
Betalains
Question No. 14
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A common quality defect in tomatoes stored at improper low temperatures is:
A.
Increased sweetness
B.
Failure to ripen and develop full color and flavor
C.
Enhanced firmness
D.
A brighter red color
Question No. 15
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What is the main objective of 'curing' garlic and onions after harvest?
A.
To increase their water content
B.
To make them sweeter
C.
To dry the outer scales and neck, creating a protective barrier against decay
D.
To wash off dirt and debris
Question No. 16
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The 'shoulder' of a storage pallet rack is a term that refers to the:
A.
Topmost storage level
B.
Vertical support frame
C.
Horizontal beam on which the pallet sits
D.
The area in front of the rack
Question No. 17
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The wilting of leafy vegetables is a direct consequence of:
A.
Loss of turgor pressure due to water loss
B.
Enzymatic browning
C.
High ethylene concentration
D.
Microbial growth on the leaf surface
Question No. 18
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Dynamic Controlled Atmosphere (DCA) storage differs from traditional CA by:
A.
Using much higher temperatures
B.
Actively adjusting the atmospheric composition based on the real-time physiological response of the produce
C.
Using only nitrogen and oxygen
D.
Being suitable only for grains
Question No. 19
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The presence of 'russeting' on the skin of some fruits like apples is a:
A.
Sign of insect damage
B.
Type of cosmetic defect that affects the skin texture but not usually the flesh
C.
A disease that causes the fruit to rot quickly
D.
A result of excessive waxing
Question No. 20
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In a cost-benefit analysis for a new cold storage unit, 'depreciation' represents:
A.
The daily cost of electricity
B.
The loss in value of the asset over time
C.
The cost of maintenance and repairs
D.
The wages of the storage facility staff
Question No. 21
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Which of the following is an intrinsic factor affecting the storage life of produce?
A.
Storage temperature
B.
The genetic characteristics of the variety
C.
Relative humidity in the storage room
D.
Packaging material
Question No. 22
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The 'dew point' is a critical parameter to monitor in cold storage because if the produce temperature drops below the dew point of the surrounding air, it can lead to:
A.
Condensation on the produce surface
B.
The produce freezing instantly
C.
A sudden increase in respiration rate
D.
Dehydration of the produce
Question No. 23
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What is the purpose of using '1-Methylcyclopropene' (1-MCP) as a post-harvest treatment?
A.
It is a fungicide that kills mold
B.
It is a wax that reduces water loss
C.
It is an ethylene action inhibitor that delays ripening
D.
It is a cleaning agent to remove pesticides
Question No. 24
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Which factor is primarily responsible for 'pressure bruising' in fruits like apples and pears?
A.
High humidity
B.
Poor handling and excessive compression
C.
Low oxygen levels
D.
Ethylene exposure
Question No. 25
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The term 'water activity' (aw) is a measure of:
A.
The total amount of water in a food product
B.
The availability of water for microbial growth
C.
The acidity of the water within the produce
D.
The temperature of the water in the produce
Question No. 26
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A 'zoning' plan in a large produce warehouse is used for:
A.
Decorating different areas in different colors
B.
Assigning specific areas for different types of produce based on their storage requirements (temperature, ethylene, etc.)
C.
Creating different work shifts for employees
D.
Dividing the warehouse into equal-sized sections
Question No. 27
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The 'Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen' (TVB-N) test is often used as a quality indicator for:
A.
Fresh fruits
B.
Stored fish and seafood
C.
Grains and cereals
D.
Leafy vegetables
Question No. 28
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Which of the following is a direct result of 'transpiration' in stored produce?
A.
Production of ethylene
B.
Weight loss
C.
Development of color
D.
Conversion of starch to sugar
Question No. 29
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The use of 'ozone' (O3) in produce storage is primarily for:
A.
Its ability to act as a powerful antimicrobial agent to sanitize air and surfaces
B.
Slowing down the respiration rate of the produce
C.
Reducing the storage temperature
D.
Improving the flavor of the produce
Question No. 30
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What is 'pitting' as a symptom of chilling injury?
A.
The formation of large, watery spots
B.
The development of a fuzzy mold
C.
The appearance of small, sunken depressions on the skin
D.
The internal browning of the flesh
Question No. 31
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Which of the following would have the highest respiration rate and thus the shortest storage life at a given temperature?
A.
Potatoes
B.
Apples
C.
Asparagus
D.
Onions
Question No. 32
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The 'stacking strength' of a cardboard box is most significantly reduced by:
A.
Low temperature
B.
High humidity
C.
Exposure to light
D.
Low air pressure
Question No. 33
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In 'vacuum cooling', the temperature of the produce is lowered by:
A.
Blowing cold air over it at high speed
B.
Making water on the product surface evaporate rapidly under low pressure
C.
Dipping the produce in ice water
D.
Placing the produce in direct contact with a frozen plate
Question No. 34
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The development of a bitter taste in carrots stored near apples is caused by the formation of:
A.
Solanine
B.
Isocoumarin
C.
Ethanol
D.
Chlorophyll
Question No. 35
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A 'psychrometric chart' is a tool used in storage management to understand the relationship between:
A.
Temperature, pressure, and volume
B.
Temperature, relative humidity, and dew point
C.
Product weight, volume, and density
D.
Cost, revenue, and profit
Question No. 36
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Why is it important to rapidly cool produce after a hot water treatment?
A.
To prevent heat injury and stop the cooking process
B.
To wash off the hot water
C.
To activate beneficial enzymes
D.
To increase the effectiveness of the treatment
Question No. 37
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The 'slip' of a melon from its vine is a key indicator of:
A.
Disease infection
B.
Insect damage
C.
Maturity and readiness for harvest
D.
Dehydration
Question No. 38
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Which storage technology would be most appropriate for the very long-term (multi-year) preservation of seeds for genetic conservation?
A.
Refrigerated warehouse
B.
Controlled Atmosphere storage
C.
Cryopreservation (in liquid nitrogen)
D.
Evaporative cool chamber
Question No. 39
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A common cause of 'leatheriness' in stored carrots is:
A.
High humidity
B.
Weight gain
C.
Microbial spoilage
D.
Dehydration
Question No. 40
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The 'coefficient of performance' (COP) of a refrigeration system is a measure of its:
A.
Size
B.
Cooling capacity
C.
Energy efficiency
D.
Noise level
Question No. 41
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Sprouting in potatoes can be chemically inhibited by the post-harvest application of:
A.
Ethylene
B.
Maleic hydrazide or CIPC
C.
Auxin
D.
Gibberellin
Question No. 42
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The main reason to avoid using copper or iron containers for storing acidic produce like tomatoes is that:
A.
They are too heavy
B.
They are not good insulators
C.
The acids can react with the metals, causing discoloration and off-flavors
D.
They are difficult to clean
Question No. 43
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A 'sanitation standard operating procedure' (SSOP) in a storage warehouse would include detailed instructions for:
A.
How to operate a forklift
B.
The cleaning and sanitizing of storage bins, floors, and equipment
C.
How to grade and sort produce
D.
The procedure for marketing and selling the produce
Question No. 44
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The 'pericarp' of a fruit refers to its:
A.
Seed
B.
Stem
C.
Core
D.
Wall, which consists of the skin, flesh, and inner layer
Question No. 45
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During storage, the conversion of starch to sugar is a desirable process in which fruit?
A.
Potatoes
B.
Bananas
C.
Sweet corn
D.
Wheat
Question No. 46
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The primary advantage of 'hydrocooling' over 'air cooling' for some types of produce is that it:
A.
Is less expensive
B.
Is faster and prevents water loss
C.
Uses less energy
D.
Can be used for all types of produce
Question No. 47
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What is the 'Tetrazolium Test' used for in the context of stored seeds?
A.
To measure moisture content
B.
To determine seed viability and vigor
C.
To identify the species of the seed
D.
To check for pesticide residue
Question No. 48
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The 'R-value' of an insulation material used in a cold storage wall indicates its:
A.
Resistance to heat flow
B.
Weight per square foot
C.
Color and reflectivity
D.
Resistance to moisture
Question No. 49
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A 'logistics management' plan for produce distribution focuses on:
A.
Growing the produce with the highest yield
B.
The efficient and timely movement of produce from the farm to the consumer
C.
Developing new recipes for the produce
D.
The chemical composition of the produce
Question No. 50
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The 'blackheart' disorder in stored potatoes, characterized by a dark, collapsed center, is caused by:
A.
Virus infection
B.
High temperature
C.
Nutrient deficiency
D.
Lack of oxygen (asphyxiation) in the center of the tuber
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